If one looks closely enough, inspiration can be unearthed in others’ stories of struggle.

To absolutely no fault of their own, Texas growers were stomach-punched back in February by Winter Storm Uri. It is often said that, as farmers, you serve at the behest of the weather. The far-too-south, entirely-too-long-lasting cold snap certainly reinforced that fact, and it could end up costing Texas ag over half a billion dollars in lost farm and greenhouse output.

Our cover story this month (page 22) looks at how a couple green industry operations prepared for, managed through, and eventually conquered the storm and the subsequent power outages. These resourceful, proactive growers thankfully will still have a crop this spring, but things easily could have gone the other way, too.

Call me biased, but their stories are downright inspiring, and they underscore two running themes to remember this spring: keep an open mind and think outside the box.

I’ve been told by a few industry contacts that there could be potential supply issues on the fast-approaching horizon, that a certain variety or species (or even a container) you are hoping to have on hand won’t be available all season long. You might end up having to try out a new plant or variety to keep the shelves stocked.

Change is hard; there’s no doubt about that. But, in times of uncertainty, why not take a swing on a new, trending plant? Now is the time for experimenting, and you might find a few fresh customers in the process. And, growing something new and mysterious is undeniably exciting. We could all stand for a little more excitement in our lives.

So, keep a fresh and open perspective this spring, and then once the unexpected suddenly becomes reality – like it did for those south Texas growers who hadn’t witnessed weather that cold, for that long, ever – you’re ready for almost anything.

Happy Spring, and happy growing this season.

Photo courtesy of Michigan state university

Greenhouse Management: What does the process of putting something like this e-Gro together — with different components involved — look like?

Jan Byrne: Roberto, he did the majority of the work on it [in this case]. And so, what happens is something comes in like powdery mildew on succulents and the symptoms on that can be a little bit confusing because it’s not what you and I think of as really obvious powdery mildew symptoms. So we asked for samples that came into the lab relatively recently and, at the same time, my understanding is that Roberto was growing plants in his research greenhouse that also had the same symptoms. So I was working on these samples, he was doing his thing and we thought it would be helpful to write an article about this aspect of powdery mildew and how it can cause this scarring.

GM: What are the symptoms of powdery mildew on succulents that make it different than the more commonly recognized symptoms?

JB: On succulents, powdery mildew does not spore readily. So you don’t always see that white powdery look — what we think of typical powdery mildew symptoms. Instead, you see this kind of corky scarring or scabby-like lesions that are produced on the surface of the leaf. There are some pictures in the e-Gro that really highlight that and show how different it really looks. In the past, I’ve seen it on kalanchoe a few times a year and some others — enough to know when I see something on one of these newer succulents that I haven’t done a lot of work on, it’s enough to think that it’s a possible suspect that should be considered.

GM: When you start work on a problem like this and collaborate with other researchers, what does your work process look like?

JB: It’s nice to have some kind of background and familiarity with the host, which isn’t always the case with what I call “new” succulents that are becoming more popular. Without that background, a plant will come in, you try to get a feel for what the host is, as well as what you need to know about what’s normal versus not normal. Sometimes it’s not always clear why a grower has submitted a sample. A lot of times, my next step is to take some of that plant material and go to dissecting it under a scope. There, I can look with some magnification at the symptoms — say those scabby lesions — or there may be insects present. If that’s the case, I can have my colleague Howard Russell pursue that avenue. I can also use a different scope with more magnification once I get a better idea of what I’m looking for. If that doesn’t reveal anything, then I might start pursuing other possibilities like viral pathogens and/or consider that it might not be a disease pathogen at all.

© ajcespedes | Adobe Stock

Many things can go horribly wrong in a cultivation operation. With numerous variables to account for, a grower must anticipate encountering a multitude of everyday problems, as well as unexpected events and surprises. A grower must be able to not only anticipate problems, but also be able to troubleshoot/diagnose a given problem rapidly to appropriately solve it before it becomes a bigger issue.

Whether you are troubleshooting problems or simply being appropriately proactive, here are common issues you may encounter in a greenhouse and tips on how to solve them.

Troubleshooting common greenhouse problems

One of the many advantages a greenhouse offers is that it utilizes both supplemental lighting as well as natural sunlight (when available). Many high-value crops, ranging from ornamental flowers to tomatoes, are produced commercially in greenhouses for just that reason. Greenhouse production also allows for multiple crop cycles per year, similar to indoor production.

But, like in any controlled environment, potential problem areas exist in greenhouses that must be monitored and proactively addressed. Losing control of your environment can lead to cultivation headaches ranging from poor airflow to extreme temperatures, as well as opportunities for diseases, such as waterborne viruses like Pythium.

Common problem No. 1: Air filtration

Typically, greenhouses are not sealed environments (such as hybrid facilities with glass roofs), but rather forced air/positive pressure environments. This means that they should be equipped with air filtration and sterilization capabilities on both the intake air and the exhausted air. The intake air is filtered and sterilized for pest and disease prevention. A proper ventilation system also allows a grower to control vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to some degree.

A common issue that can arise in these systems is clogged air filters decreasing airflow. Greenhouse operators can use wind speed sensors to determine if airflow is reduced. Luckily, larger automated ventilation systems often come with sensors that alert growers when it’s time to swap out filters. That said, air filters should be inspected periodically and changed as required. Location of the operation will determine how often filters need to be changed — don’t rely solely on manufacturer recommendations on when to change the filters because each situation is different.

© rabbitholephoto | Adobe Stock

Common problem No. 2: Greenhouse temperature swings

The summer of 2020 delivered record temperatures to all of California, including both the southern and northern regions. In Southern California, Death Valley reached 130 degrees, which is the hottest recorded in nearly 90 years. In other parts of the state, radiant temperatures (which is defined as net radiant heat gain or heat loss, and is different than ambient temperature), amplified by wildfires and smoke, reached 120 degrees in September.

With such extreme environmental temperatures, one possible recourse that doesn’t require increasing air conditioning capacity is to use either shade cloth or a greenhouse whitewash to control excessively hot environmental conditions, both ambient temperatures as well as radiant temperature.

A whitewash consists of coating the greenhouse glass with one or more coats of non-permanent, white, washable paint. Operations that use automated glass cleaning machines can fill those systems with whitewash instead of a cleaning solution. Some larger scale operations can also apply whitewash by helicopter.

While the goal of whitewashing is to reduce radiant temperatures, it also impacts the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) light reaching the crop. If light levels drop below target levels, consider washing off the paint and applying fewer coats or a more diluted paint mix. Ultimately, growers must weigh the risks of heat exposure against loss of light when determining how much light and radiant heat they want to take out of the greenhouse.

In colder climates, a heating system is a must. An inefficient heating system can be expensive at best and dangerous at worst. If growers are experiencing cold spots in the greenhouse or lower temperatures overall, and inspections for leaks and gaps where cold air could be infiltrating have been conducted, the heating system might be at fault. Early spring is the best time to thoroughly inspect and repair any heating systems. All heating equipment and thermostats should be serviced and inspected prior to wintertime use—it’s better to prevent a problem in the fall than respond to one in the dead of winter.

Common problem No.3: Watering and fertigation systems

After harvest and in between crop cycles is the perfect time to troubleshoot and repair/replace any and all worn out, broken or defective irrigation or fertigation equipment.

Measure the flow rate to determine whether a fertigation system is functioning properly. Ideally, growers will have a baseline that was first measured after the system was installed against which to compare. Diminished flow could be a sign of a clogged filter, dripper, or dose meters. Wilting plants are an obvious sign of a potential irrigation problem. For automated irrigation systems, however, a computer should tell growers there’s a problem before it is even noticeable in the plants.

"Thinking proactively about the potential problems that a greenhouse can face is going to be the difference between a humming operation and a wasted investment."

If flow rate is reduced, growers can flush the irrigation system with a hydrogen peroxide and water mix. Use a mix of up to five parts water to one part hydrogen peroxide when flushing systems. For preventative treatment, this can be done between each harvest.

Also, growers or production team members should verify each dripper by hand to make sure there are no clogs that were not unplugged by the peroxide cleaning solution.

Common problem No. 4: Constant mold and pest problems

Besides the overall function of the watering/fertigation system, close attention to disinfection is a major priority. Pythium and other vectors for disease can be transmitted by contaminated irrigation equipment and/or contaminated water. If growers are experiencing continued Pythium problems over multiple crop cycles, consider decontaminating the entire watering system, including lines and the water tank (if a water tank is used). Again, in ideal situations, this should be done after each harvest.

The same water and hydrogen peroxide mix can be used to disinfect water tanks and irrigation lines. Growers should schedule a water tank disinfection after a watering cycle, when the tank will be mostly empty, and fill the tank with the 20% concentrated solution.

If the watering system is sanitized but issues persist, it might be time to deep clean the greenhouse.

Common problem No. 5: EC/nutrient level spikes

If there are noticeable spikes in nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) (which growers would notice in runoff testing) but levels are normal at the solution source, consider examining the fertigation lines, as fertilizer salts may have accumulated. Also, thoroughly inspect nutrient application equipment such as injectors for EC and flow rate to prevent under/over fertilization issues from metastasizing and causing nutrient application problems.

Common problem No. 6: Crops drying out

If crops seem consistently dehydrated, inspect all related electronic controls responsible for watering, timing and cycles for clogs or mechanical failures to prevent possible over/under watering or not watering on time.

Thinking proactively about the potential problems that a greenhouse can face, and planning on how to avoid or address those problems, is going to be the difference between a humming operation and a wasted investment. With that in mind, develop SOPs that not only direct team members on how to do things right, but what to do when things go wrong.

Kenneth Morrow is an author, consultant and owner of Trichome Technologies. He can be reached at k.trichometechnologies@gmail.com

Unfortunately, even the best growers can accidentally over-apply their PGRs. Maybe it’s a miscommunication among the production team; perhaps it’s a miscalculation by an inexperienced applicator. Too much of a growth regulator like uniconazole or paclobutrazol stalls out plants, resulting in missed sales windows or in the worst case, discarding an entire crop. But now, growers have a tool to help address the issue.

Fine Americas has revealed that in addition to functioning as a plant growth regulator, its Fresco product also works great in crop rescue situations. For example, if a grower overapplies paclobutrazol, uniconazole or other PGRs, a Fresco drench can help snap plants out of the delayed flowering and growth that follows.

As little as a single drench can save a crop. If you don’t see expanding leaves and stem elongation after five days, consider a second application.

The bottom line: Fresco, a combination PGR — with both the active ingredients BA (benzyladenine) and GA (gibberellic acid) — can kickstart stalled young plants, along with its known ability to encourage plants to grow and form structure.

That means that rather than sacrificing a whole production cycle, growers could be able to save their crops.

Fresco is registered for most ornamentals, such as chrysanthemums, gardenias, azaleas, hydrangeas, poinsettias, petunias, marigolds and others.